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authoritative.
NO. COA06-299
NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS
Filed: 20 March 2007
KERRY WATTS,
Plaintiff,
v. North Carolina Industrial Commission
I.C.
File No. TA-18068
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT
OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL
RESOURCES,
Defendant.
Appeal by defendant from decision and order entered 8 August
2005 by the North Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 13 November 2006.
James,
McElroy & Diehl, P.A., by John R. Buric, for plaintiff-appellee.
Roy
Cooper, Attorney General, by Dahr Joseph Tanoury, Assistant Attorney General,
for defendant-appellant.
MARTIN, Chief Judge.
Defendant North Carolina Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (NCDENR) appeals from a decision and order of the North
Carolina Industrial Commission awarding $267,733 in damages to plaintiff
arising from NCDENR’s negligent issuance of an improvement permit for land
purchased by the plaintiff.
Plaintiff entered into a contract to purchase an undeveloped
lake-front lot in Montgomery County. A
condition of the contract was that the land “perk” for a three-bedroom
residence, meaning that the soil was suitable to support an on-site wastewater
system. On 30 July 1999, after
inspecting the site, David Ezzell (“Ezzell”), an agent of the Montgomery County
Health Department (“Health Department”) and NCDENR, issued an improvement
permit authorizing construction of a three-bedroom home on the lot. In reliance on the improvement permit,
plaintiff purchased the lot for $118,000 and subsequently added a boat dock at
a cost of $29,023.94.
In 2002 plaintiff began to pursue his plans to develop the
lot. Plaintiff met with a mortgage loan
broker about financing the development, seeking an interest-only construction
loan that would convert to a thirty-year mortgage upon completion of the
construction. Although plaintiff did
not apply for a loan at that time, the broker testified that when they met in
2002 plaintiff qualified for the financing at a rate of approximately 5.44%
interest for the thirty-year, fixed-rate mortgage.
As plaintiff prepared the site and the construction plans,
he decided that he could better use the lot if the proposed driveway were
switched from the left side to the right side of the lot. In order to get approval for this change,
plaintiff was required to apply for a new permit. The perk test performed for the new permit revealed that the soil
would not perk for the new construction plan, nor would it perk for the
original construction plan; therefore, the Health Department notified plaintiff
that the permit issued in July 1999 was being revoked. Plaintiff requested that the soil be retested. The retest confirmed the result that the
soil was unsuitable for a ground absorption sewage system. Plaintiff was notified of three ways in
which the situation could be remedied: (1) he could purchase another adjoining
parcel of property with suitable or provisionally suitable soil on which to
place the ground absorption sewage treatment and disposal system, and plaintiff
could install a system capable of pumping the effluent to the adjoining
parcel; (2) he could obtain an easement
to another parcel of property with suitable or provisionally suitable soil on
which to place the ground absorption sewage treatment and disposal system and
install a system capable of pumping the effluent to the adjoining parcel; or (3) he could install a septic system incorporating
both pretreatment (sand or peat filter) and a subsurface drip irrigation under
the soil and site conditions of the lot, although the septic system would have
to be designed and installed by a professional engineer or individuals
authorized in writing by the pretreatment and drip irrigation
manufacturers. Plaintiff elected to
purchase an adjoining parcel for $70,000.
Although plaintiff’s contact throughout this process was with the Health
Department, the parties stipulated that “the agency of the defendant in
question in this case is the Montgomery County Health Department of Montgomery
County, North Carolina, and . . . how
it operates, it is an agent of the State of North Carolina; i.e., the North
Carolina Department of Enviroment[al] and Natural Resources.”
On 2 July 2003, plaintiff filed an action under the North
Carolina Tort Claims Act, N.C.G.S. §§143-291 et seq., against Ezzell,
the Health Department, and NCDENR alleging that defendants had negligently
inspected and issued an improvement permit for his lot. Defendants moved to dismiss on
jurisdictional grounds and for failure to state a claim upon which relief could
be granted. Plaintiff’s complaint was
heard by the North Carolina Industrial Commission on 15 November 2004. The Deputy Commissioner dismissed the claim
against Mr. Ezzell, as he was not a proper party before the Industrial
Commission. As to the defendants Health
Department and NCDENR, the Deputy Commissioner ordered them jointly and severally
liable for $267,733 in compensatory damages to plaintiff, $18,611.07 in
attorney fees, and $13,034 in costs and expenses. Of the $267,733 compensatory damages, $174,745.54 represent
damages arising from future interest payments.
NCDENR appealed the decision of the Deputy Commissioner to the full
Industrial Commission. The full
Commission agreed with the findings and conclusions of the Deputy Commissioner
and affirmed the awards of compensatory damages, attorney fees, and costs and
expenses. NCDENR appealed the full
Commission’s decision and order to this Court.
__________________
NCDENR raises five issues on appeal.
I. Public Duty
Doctrine
First, NCDENR argues that the Industrial Commission erred in
failing to find and conclude that plaintiff’s claim is barred by the public
duty doctrine. We first address whether
this issue has been preserved for appellate review. NCDENR moved to dismiss plaintiff’s claim pursuant to Rule
12(b)(1) (lack of subject matter jurisdiction), 12(b)(2) (lack of personal
jurisdiction), and 12(b)(6) (failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted), arguing that the public duty doctrine barred plaintiff’s claim. N.C.R. Civ. Pro. 12(b). Although NCDENR did not further argue the
motion at the hearing, the Commission concluded that “[t]he North Carolina Industrial
Commission has jurisdiction over Plaintiff and Defendants [NCDENR] and The
Montgomery County Health Department,” and “[NCDENR] and The Montgomery County
Health Department owed plaintiff a duty of care in making a proper assessment
of Lot 871 before issuing Improvement Permit No. 99291, authorizing the
construction of a three-bedroom residence on the lot.” NCDENR has assigned as error the
Commission’s conclusion that it owed a duty of care to plaintiff for the
Commission’s failure to apply the public duty doctrine. Thus, NCDENR has preserved this issue for
appeal. On appeal, “[t]he Commission’s
conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” McRae v. Toastmaster, Inc., 358 N.C. 488, 496, 597 S.E.2d
695, 701 (2004).
The issue before us is whether the public duty doctrine
applies to bar plaintiff’s claim against NCDENR for negligent inspection of
soil conditions, where NCDENR issued an improvement permit for a lot, plaintiff
relied on the permit to purchase the lot, and the permit was subsequently revoked,
resulting in damage to plaintiff. We
first recognize:
The public duty
doctrine is a separate rule of common law negligence that may limit tort
liability, even when the State has waived sovereign immunity. The rule provides that when a governmental
entity owes a duty to the general public, particularly a statutory duty,
individual plaintiffs may not enforce the duty in tort.
Myers
v. McGrady,
360 N.C. 460, 465-66, 628 S.E.2d 761, 766 (2006).
Our Supreme Court has held that “the legislature intended the
public duty doctrine to apply to claims against the State under the Tort Claims
Act.” Stone v. N.C. Dep’t of Labor,
347 N.C. 473, 482, 495 S.E.2d 711, 716 (1998).
The Supreme Court has also “extended the public duty doctrine to state
agencies required by statute to conduct inspections for the public’s general
protection.” Lovelace v. City of
Shelby, 351 N.C. 458, 461, 526 S.E.2d 652, 654 (2000); see also Hunt v.
N.C. Dep’t of Labor, 348 N.C. 192, 202, 499 S.E.2d 747, 753 (1998); Stone,
347 N.C. at 483, 495 S.E.2d at 717. In
the present case, the Health Department, an agent of NCDENR, is a state agency
required to inspect site for suitability of wastewater treatment systems before
issuing improvement permits by N.C.G.S. §130A-336, and therefore may avail
itself of the protection afforded by the public duty doctrine.
The public duty doctrine, however, is subject to two
exceptions.
In Braswell this Court recognized two exceptions to
the public duty doctrine “to prevent inevitable inequities to certain individuals.” It explained that exceptions to the doctrine
exist: (1) where there is a special relationship between the injured party and
the governmental entity; and (2) when the governmental entity creates a special
duty by promising protection to an individual, the protection is not
forthcoming, and the individual’s reliance on the promise of protection is
causally related to the injury suffered.
These exceptions are narrowly construed and applied.
Stone, 347 N.C. at
482-83, 495 S.E.2d at 717 (quoting Braswell v. Braswell, 330 N.C. 363,
371, 410 S.E.2d 897, 902 (1991)) (citations omitted). We must consider whether the facts of the present case warrant
the application of one of the exceptions to the public duty doctrine.
The special duty exception requires (1) a promise of
protection made by the governmental entity, (2) the entity’s failure to
protect, and (3) reliance by the individual on the promise, causing damage to
the individual. Id. at 482, 495
S.E.2d at 717 (citing Braswell, 330 N.C. at 371, 410 S.E.2d at 902); see
also Cockerham-Ellerbee v. Town of Jonesville, 176 N.C. App. 372, 377, 626
S.E.2d 685, 689 (2006) (quoting Braswell, 330 N.C. at 371, 410 S.E.2d at
902). “[T]he ‘special duty’ exception .
. . is a very narrow one; it should be applied only when the promise, reliance,
and causation are manifestly present.” Braswell,
330 N.C. at 372, 410 S.E.2d at 902.
As the dissent notes, the plaintiff bears the burden to
allege and prove an exception to the public duty doctrine. See Wood v. Guilford County,
355 N.C. 161, 170, 558 S.E.2d 490, 497 (2002).
However, the dissent contends that “[t]he plaintiff neither asserted nor
proved nor did the Commission make any findings of fact or conclusions of law
to show either of the[] means to establish a special duty/special relationship
existed.” This contention is faulty for
a number of reasons.
First, the plaintiff asserted the special duty exception by
presenting evidence that a special duty existed. Although plaintiff did not plead a special duty in his complaint,
after the defense was pled, plaintiff’s evidence with respect to the issue, to
which defendant did not object, was an implied amendment to conform to the
evidence. N.C.R. Civ. Pro. 15(b) (2005)
(“When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by the express or implied
consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had
been raised in the pleadings.”)
[Rule 15(b)]
allows issues to be raised by liberal amendments to pleadings, and, in some
cases, by the evidence, the effect of the rule being to allow amendment by
implied consent to change the legal theory of the cause of action so long as
the opposing party has not been prejudiced in presenting his case, i.e., where
he had a fair opportunity to defend his case.
Taylor
v. Gillespie,
66 N.C. App. 302, 305, 311 S.E.2d 362, 364 (1984) (emphasis omitted). In the present case, the plaintiff and
defendant stipulated to the facts supporting the issue of the special duty
exception, and plaintiff further offered exhibits in support of the issue. Defendant cannot argue prejudice when it
voluntarily stipulated to the facts.
Second, the plaintiff met his burden of proof where the
facts supporting the exception were admitted by stipulation.
Third, the Commission made findings of fact and conclusions
of law to support the application of the special duty exception. The Commission specifically found:
On July 27, 1999, plaintiff entered into an Offer to Purchase and Contract for Lot No. 871, Hattaway Circle, located in Montgomery County, North Carolina. One of the conditions precedent to plaintiff purchasing Lot 871 was that the lot perk for a three-bedroom residence.
On July 30, 1999, after confirming that the soils then
present on Lot 871 were suitable for a septic system, The Montgomery County
Health Department, Environmental Health Section, issued Improvement Permit No.
99291, authorizing the construction of a three-bedroom residence on Lot 871.
In reliance upon the permit, plaintiff purchased Lot 871 for
a purchase price of $118,000.00.
On September 5, 2002, John K. Fowlkes, then acting
Environmental Health Coordinator for The Montgomery County Health Department,
notified Plaintiff that Lot 871 did not pass the perk test.
These
findings contain all of the elements of the special duty exception. NCDENR, through its agent the Health
Department, made a promise to plaintiff by issuing the improvement permit
warranting that plaintiff could construct a three-bedroom home on the property
as described in the site plan.
Plaintiff relied on the permit in negotiating the purchase of the
property. Finally, NCDENR, through its
agent the Health Department, revoked the permit after plaintiff purchased the
lot, prohibiting plaintiff from building on the lot as the permit promised he
would be able to do, and causing plaintiff to incur additional expenses in
order to use the lot as he had planned.
Based on these findings of fact, the Commission concluded:
[NCDENR] and The Montgomery County Health Department owed
plaintiff a duty of care in making a proper assessment of Lot 871 before
issuing Improvement Permit No. 99291 . . . .
The defendants failed in this duty of care when they admittedly
negligently issued Permit No. 99291 upon discovering that the property was
unsuitable for a ground absorption sewage system. Defendant’s breach directly and proximately caused plaintiff to
incur damages . . . .
This
conclusion comprises all of the elements of the special duty exception except
the reliance element. The conclusion
also indicates that the duty was owed to plaintiff individually rather than
solely to the general public. It is
this conclusion of law that defendant assigned as error for failure to apply
the public duty doctrine. “The
Commission’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” McRae, 358 N.C. at 496, 597 S.E.2d at
701. Although the Commission failed to
specifically conclude that the special duty exception to the public duty
doctrine applied, its conclusion was adequately supported by the facts; therefore,
it is affirmed.
II. Admission of
Negligence
Next, NCDENR argues that the Industrial Commission’s
conclusion that NCDENR admitted to negligent conduct is not supported by the
findings of fact or competent evidence.
In its finding of fact 9, the Commission found “[p]rior to the trial of
this matter, defendants admitted that they were negligent in issuing Permit No.
99291.” Since NCDENR did not assign
error to this finding of fact, it is binding upon us. N.C.R. App. P. 10(a) (scope of review is limited to the
consideration of the assignments of error set out in the record on appeal); Johnson
v. Herbie’s Place, 157 N.C. App. 168, 180, 579 S.E.2d 110, 118 (2003). Finding of fact 9 adequately supports the
Commission’s conclusion that NCDENR admitted negligence.
III. Interest Rate
Damages
NCDENR also assigned error to the future interest rate
damages awarded by the Commission, arguing that they were not reasonably
foreseeable, were speculative, remote, and not reasonably certain, and were
awarded according to an improper measure of damages. The Commission based its award on a finding of fact that “as a
result of defendants’ negligence and the resulting delay in construction,
plaintiff will incur an increased interest rate of at least 1.5% over the term
of its loan. The cost of this 1.5% increase
in interest is $174,745.54.” NCDENR
argues that this finding is not supported by the competent evidence, and that
it does not support the Commission’s conclusion of law that “[d]efendants’
breach directly and proximately caused plaintiff to incur damages in the amount
of $267,733.00.”
Assuming, arguendo, the Commission’s finding of fact
is supported by competent evidence, the finding does not support the
Commission’s conclusion that plaintiff is entitled to recover $174,745.54 in
future interest damages. It is true
that a tortfeasor “is responsible for all damages directly caused by his
misconduct, and for all indirect or consequential damages which are the natural
and probable effect of the wrong, under the facts as they exist at the time the
same is committed and which can be ascertained with a reasonable degree of
certainty.” Binder v. General Motors
Acceptance Corp., 222 N.C. 512, 514, 23 S.E.2d 894, 895 (1943) (quoting Conrad
v. Shuford, 174 N.C. 719, 721, 94 S.E. 424, 425 (1917)). However, “[d]amages which are uncertain and
speculative . . . are too remote to be recoverable.” Johnson v. Atlantic Coast Line R.R. Co., 184 N.C. 101,
105, 113 S.E. 606, 608 (1922). The
future interest damages included in the Commission’s award are uncertain, speculative,
and too remote to be recoverable. The
figure for future interest damages was calculated based on financial data about
projected interest rates, the anticipated number of years over which the loan
would accrue interest, and the type of loan (fixed, as opposed to
variable). The numbers further depend
on plaintiff completing construction of the home on time and according to
schedule. In sum total, these factors
make the figure of $174,745.54 uncertain and speculative. Our Supreme Court has held that such damages
are not recoverable, id.; thus, we hold that the Commission erred in
including the amount of $174,745.54 in the damages award.
With regard to the proper measure of damages, NCDENR argues
that the Commission should have used the diminution of value of the property to
calculate the damages. However, NCDENR
did not assign error to the Commission’s award of damages for the cost of
purchasing the adjoining lot and constructing a suitable septic system on the
lot and the increased construction costs.
Thus, our review is limited to the award of future interest rate
damages. N.C.R. App. P. 10(a) (“[T]he
scope of review on appeal is confined to a consideration of those assignments
of error set out in the record on appeal.”)
Because we reverse the Commission’s award of future interest rate
damages on the grounds that they are speculative, we need not address the
measure of damages used.
In addition to the speculative nature of the damages, the
award is also error because it fails to discount the future interest rate
damages to present value. It is well
established that damages for losses which may occur in the future, such as the
future interest rate payments in this case, must be reduced to the present worth
of such losses, and it is error not to do so.
Faison v. Cribb, 241 N.C. 303, 303, 85 S.E.2d 139, 140 (1954); Daughtry
v. Cline, 224 N.C. 381, 384, 30 S.E.2d 322, 324 (1944); Lamont v.
Highsmith Hospital, 206 N.C. 111, 112-13, 173 S.E. 46, 46-47 (1934).
IV. Award of Costs
and Attorney Fees
NCDENR also assigns error to the award of costs and attorney
fees to the plaintiff, arguing these amounts are not recoverable under the Tort
Claims Act.
We consider NCDENR’s argument first as to costs. Our statutes state “[t]he Industrial
Commission is authorized . . . to tax the costs against the loser in the same
manner as costs are taxed by the superior court in civil actions,” N.C. Gen.
Stat. §143-291.1 (2005), and in civil actions “costs may be allowed or not, in
the discretion of the court, unless otherwise provided by law.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §6-20 (2005). When read together, these statutes give the
Commission discretion to tax costs against the losing party. “Where the court has taxed costs in a
discretionary manner its decision is not reviewable.” Dixon, Odom & Co. v. Sledge, 59 N.C. App. 280, 286,
296 S.E.2d 512, 516 (1982) (citing Hoskins v. Hoskins, 259 N.C. 704, 131
S.E.2d 326 (1963)). Because the
Commission’s authority to tax costs is discretionary, its award is not
reviewable by this Court, absent a showing of manifest abuse of
discretion. However, its conclusions of
law are reviewable de novo. McRae,
358 N.C. at 496, 597 S.E.2d at 701.
The Commission cited several statutes supporting its award
of attorney fees, including N.C.G.S. §§1A-1 Rule 11, 6-21.5, 7A-305(d)(3),
143-291, and 143-291.1. None of these
statutes support the Commission’s award in the present case.
The Commission first cited N.C.G.S. §1A-1 Rule 11 in support
of its award. Rule 11 allows a court to
award attorney fees as an appropriate sanction against an attorney who violates
the rule. To comply with Rule 11, an
attorney who submits a signed pleading, motion, or other paper to the court
must ensure:
[T]o the best
of his knowledge, information, and belief formed after reasonable inquiry [the
document] is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good
faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law,
and that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to
cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.
By
citing Rule 11 as support for an award of attorney fees, the Commission implies
that the award is imposed as a sanction against NCDENR for violation of the
rule. We note that the “imposition of
[Rule 11] sanctions is reviewable de novo, but the choice of sanction is
reviewable under an abuse of discretion standard.” Crutchfield v. Crutchfield, 132 N.C. App. 193, 195, 511
S.E.2d 31, 33 (1999).
Reviewing the imposition of the sanction de novo, we
find no facts to support it. The
Commission made only one finding that contains any of the elements of a Rule 11
sanction, as follows:
Defendants’
position on damages cannot be supported by the evidence of record. Defendants have raised defenses that cannot
be supported in law, contending that plaintiff would have been obligated to
purchase a second lot even if defendants had not been negligent, or that
plaintiff should be compelled to accept the untested system outlined herein. Defendants’ contention that either fact
lowered plaintiff’s damage claim to approximately $8,000.00 was belied by their
own evidence.
Although
the Commission cited the lack of facts and law to support the amount of damages
for which NCDENR advocated, the amount of $8,000 did not appear in any
pleading, motion, or other paper filed with the Commission, but was rather an
argument made by defense counsel at the hearing. As such, “defendants’ position” is not the proper subject of a Rule
11 sanction. Finding no other grounds
for Rule 11 sanctions, we hold that the Commission erred to the extent it
relied on Rule 11 to support its award of attorney fees to plaintiff.
The Commission next relied on N.C.G.S. §6-21.5 to support its award of attorney fees. Section 6-21.5 states “[i]n any civil action . . . the court, upon motion of the prevailing party, may award a reasonable attorney’s fee to the prevailing party if the court finds that there was a complete absence of a justiciable issue of either law or fact raised by the losing party in any pleading.” The Commission made no findings to support a conclusion that NCDENR presented no justiciable issue. Thus, §6-21.5 is inapplicable in the present case and does not support the Commission’s award of attorney fees.
The Commission also cited N.C.G.S. §7A-305(d)(3) as
authority for its award of attorney fees.
This statute authorizes the court in civil actions to assess or recover
“[c]ounsel fees, as provided by law.”
The statute does not specifically grant the courts the authority to
award attorney fees, but only recognizes that such authority may be conferred
by other statutes. Having found no
other statute which is applicable to the present case that grants the courts
the authority to award attorney fees, we conclude that §7A-305(d)(3) does not
grant such authority to the courts and, by extension, the Commission.
Finally, the Commission cited N.C.G.S. §§143-291 and
143-291.1 support an award of attorney fees.
When read by themselves, neither section grants the Commission the authority
to award attorney fees. However, when
read together with §6-21.1, this Court has held “the Industrial Commission has
jurisdiction and authority to award attorney’s fees in a Tort Claims Act case.” Karp v. Univ. of North Carolina, 88
N.C. App. 282, 284, 362 S.E.2d 825, 826 (1987), aff’d per curiam, 323
N.C. 473, 373 S.E.2d 430 (1988).
Section 6-21.1 provides “where the judgment for recovery of damages is
ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or less, the presiding judge may, in his
discretion, allow a reasonable attorney fee . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. §6-21.1 (2005).
The total damages awarded in the present case were $267,733. Even excluding the future interest damages
of $174,754.54, the plaintiff’s damages far exceed the statutory maximum of
$10,000, and so we find that the Commission was not authorized under §§143-291
and 143-291.1 to award attorney fees to plaintiff.
Because none of the statutes cited by the Commission support
its award of attorney fees to plaintiff, we hold the Commission erred in awarding
attorney fees.
V. Acceptance of
Additional Evidence
NCDENR’s final argument is that the Commission erred in
denying its motion, made after the conclusion of the hearing, for the
Commission to take additional evidence regarding present day discounted value
of the future interest rate damages.
Because we have reversed and remanded the award of future interest
damages on other grounds, we need not consider whether the Commission erred in
refusing the additional evidence.
Affirmed as to the Commission’s denial of NCDENR’s motion to
dismiss based on the public duty doctrine and its award of costs, reversed and
remanded as to award of interest rate damages and attorney fees.
Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part.
Judge CALABRIA concurs.
Judge TYSON concurs in part and dissents in part by separate
opinion.
NO. COA06-299
NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS
Filed: 20 March 2007
KERRY WATTS,
Plaintiff,
v. North Carolina Industrial Commission
I.C.
File No. TA-18068
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT
OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL
RESOURCES,
Defendant.
TYSON, Judge, concurring in part, dissenting in part.
I concur with the majority’s holding that NCDENR properly
preserved its assignment of error, that its appeal is properly before us, and
that the public duty doctrine applies to the facts before us.
The majority’s opinion also holds that plaintiff showed, and
the Commission found, a special relationship existed or a special duty was owed
by NCDENR to plaintiff.
Plaintiff bears the burden of proof to overcome the public
duty doctrine. Wood v. Guilford Cty.,
355 N.C. 161, 170, 558 S.E.2d 490, 497 (2002).
The majority’s opinion correctly notes the special duty/special
relationship exceptions to the public duty doctrine are “narrow exceptions.” Stone v. N.C. Dept. Of Labor,
347 N.C. 473, 482-83, 495 S.E.2d 711, 717, cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1016,
142 L. Ed. 2d 449 (1998) (“These exceptions are narrowly construed and
applied.”); Braswell v. Braswell, 330 N.C. 363, 372, 410 S.E.2d 897, 902
(1991) (“[T]he ‘special duty’ exception to the general rule . . . is a very
narrow one; it should be applied only when the promise, reliance, and causation
are manifestly present.”). Nothing in
the record shows that plaintiff asserted or proved, or that the Commission
found, a special duty was owed or special relationship existed between
plaintiff and NCDENR.
NCDENR’s motion to dismiss should have been granted. I vote to reverse the Commission’s opinion
and award and remand for entry of dismissal.
I respectfully dissent.
I. Background
On 27 July 1999, plaintiff entered into an Offer to Purchase
and Contract (“the contract”) with Donald L. McAvoy, Jr. (“Seller”) for Lot 871
(“Lot 871”) in Montgomery County, North Carolina. The contract was contingent upon the “lot perking for 3
bedrooms.” On 30 July 1999, Seller’s
agent Tommy Blake obtained an improvement permit from the Montgomery County
Health Department (“Permit 99291”).
Permit 99291 approved the installation of an on-site wastewater system
and was “subject to revocation if the site plans or intended use change[d] from
those shown above or on the application.”
Permit 99291 authorized construction of the wastewater system for five
years from the date of issuance.
Nearly three years after purchasing Lot 871, plaintiff
modified his site plan and moved the driveway from the left-hand to the
right-hand portion of Lot 871. In June
2002, plaintiff notified the Montgomery County Health Department of the
proposed change and was informed that he must reapply for an improvement permit
because of his changes.
On 3 June 2002, plaintiff applied for an improvement
permit. Montgomery County Health
Department denied plaintiff’s application due to unsuitable soil topography,
unsuitable soil characteristics, and unsuitable soil depth. On 5 September 2002, Montgomery County
Environment Health Coordinator Jon Fowlkes also notified plaintiff that the
original Permit 99291 was revoked as of 21 August 2002 because the site was
unsuitable for a ground absorption sewage system.
II.
Standard of Review
The standard of review under the Tort Claims Act is well
settled. “[W]hen considering an appeal
from the Commission, our Court is limited to two questions: (1) whether competent evidence exists to
support the Commission’s findings of fact, and (2) whether the Commission’s
findings of fact justify its conclusions of law and decision.” Simmons v. N.C. Dept. of Transportation,
128 N.C. App. 402, 405-06, 496 S.E.2d 790, 793 (1998). “Mixed issue of fact and law and conclusions
of law are reviewable de novo on appeal.” Starco, Inc. v. AMG Bonding and Ins.
Services, 124 N.C. App. 332, 336, 477 S.E.2d 211, 215 (1996).
III.
Exceptions to Public Duty Doctrine
In all negligence actions, the plaintiff must allege and
prove the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care. Wood, 355 N.C. at 170, 558 S.E.2d at
497. To be actionable, the defendant
must specifically owe a duty to the injured plaintiff, and not to the public
generally. Id. at 166, 558
S.E.2d at 493-94. This burden of proof
remains on the plaintiff whether the defendant is a governmental entity or a
private person. Id.
“The public duty doctrine is a separate rule of common law
negligence that may limit tort liability, even when the State has waived
sovereign immunity.” Myers v.
McGrady, 360 N.C. 460, 465, 628 S.E.2d 761, 766 (2006). The public duty doctrine “provides that
governmental entities and their agents owe duties only to the general public,
not to individuals, absent a ‘special relationship’ or ‘special duty’ between
the entity and the injured party.” Stone,
347 N.C. at 477-78, 495 S.E.2d at 714 (emphasis supplied).
“The rule provides that when a governmental entity owes a
duty to the general public, particularly a statutory duty, individual
plaintiffs may not enforce the duty in tort.”
Myers, 360 N.C. at 465-66, 628 S.E.2d at 766 (emphasis
supplied). The public duty doctrine
applies “to state agencies required by statute to conduct inspections for the
public’s general protection.” Wood,
355 N.C. at 167, 558 S.E.2d at 495.
The majority’s opinion correctly notes that the public duty
doctrine is subject to two exceptions:
(1) where there
is a special relationship between the injured party and the governmental
entity; and (2) when the governmental entity creates a special duty by
promising protection to an individual, the protection is not forthcoming, and
the individual’s reliance on the promise of protection is causally related to
the injury suffered. These
exceptions are narrowly construed and applied.
Stone, 347 N.C. at
482-83, 495 S.E.2d at 717 (emphasis supplied).
This Court recently held a special duty may be created in
one of three ways.
First, a
special duty is created where the municipality, through its police officers, .
. . promise[s] protection to an individual, the protection is not forthcoming,
and the individual’s reliance on the promise of protection is causally related
to the injury suffered. Second, a
special duty may be created by virtue of a special relationship, such as that
between a state’s witness or informant . . . [and] law enforcement
officers. We note that some confusion
has arisen in this area due to the fact that this Court has previously referred
to the special relationship exception as being a separate exception to the
public duty doctrine, when, in fact, it is actually a subset of the special
duty exception. A special relationship
is simply another way to show that a special duty exists. Third, a special duty may be created by statute;
provided there is an express statutory provision vesting individual claimants
with a private cause of action for violations of the statute. Our courts have generally held that a
private right of action only exists where the legislature expressly provides
for such in the statute.
Cockerham-Ellerbee
v. Town of Jonesville, 176 N.C. App. 372, 377, 626 S.E.2d 685, 689
(2006) (internal quotations and citations omitted). The plaintiff neither asserted nor proved nor did the Commission
make any findings of fact or conclusions of law to show either of these means
to establish a special duty/special relationship existed. No “express statutory provision” vested
plaintiff with “a private right of action.”
Id. No “special
relationship” was shown between plaintiff and NCDENR. Id. (internal
quotation omitted).
“[T]he ‘special duty’ exception to the general rule . . . is
a very narrow one; it should be applied only when the promise, reliance, and
causation are manifestly present.” Braswell,
330 N.C. at 372, 410 S.E.2d at 902. In
order to claim the special duty/special relationship exception of the public
duty doctrine, the plaintiff must allege and prove: (1) a promise of protection made by the governmental entity; (2)
the entity’s failure to protect; and (3) reliance by the individual on the promise
resulting in damage to the individual. Stone,
347 N.C. at 482-83, 495 S.E.2d at 717.
A.
Promise of Protection
Plaintiff failed to show NCDENR made any promise to
him. See Hunt v. N.C. Dept.
of Labor, 348 N.C. 192, 199, 499 S.E.2d 747, 751 (1998) (If the plaintiff
failed to allege an actual promise, then the “special duty” exception cannot be
a basis of liability.); cf. Davis v. Messer, 119 N.C. App. 44, 56, 457
S.E.2d 902, 910 (Holding the plaintiffs’ allegations that “the Town . . .
promised it would provide fire-fighting assistance and protection; [that] the
promised protection never arrived; and [that] plaintiffs relied upon the
promise to respond to the fire as their exclusive source of aid, resulting in
the complete destruction of their home,” stated a claim for relief under the
“special duty” exception to the public duty doctrine.), disc. rev. denied,
341 N.C. 647, 462 S.E.2d 508 (1995).
The Commission’s finding that Montgomery County Health
Department issued Permit 99291 does not create a promise to protect
plaintiff. The majority’s opinion
strains to impliedly excuse plaintiff’s failure to allege any promise and the
Commission’s failure to address NCDENR’s assertions of the public duty
doctrine. Nothing in the record shows
NCDENR extended a promise of protection to plaintiff when Permit 99291 was
issued. Plaintiff failed to prove, and
the Commission failed to enter, findings of fact or conclusions of law to
establish the first element in the special duty/special relationship exception
to the public duty doctrine.
B.
Failure to Protect
Plaintiff also failed to show NCDENR’s issuance of Permit
99291 was NCDENR’s failure to protect him.
The Commission failed to enter findings of fact that NCDENR failed to
protect plaintiff when it issued Permit 99291.
Even if NCDENR admitted Ezzell was negligent in issuing the
original permit, Ezzell’s statutory duty to inspect was owed to the public
generally and not to any individual.
The purpose of the inspection and issuance of permits to install septic
tank systems is for the protection and benefit of public health, safety, and
welfare. N.C. Gen. Stat. §130A-333
(2005); see Stone, 347 N.C. at 483, 495 S.E.2d at 717 (The public duty
doctrine applied and duty was for the benefit of the general public when the
statute charged the Commissioner of Labor with the duty to visit and inspect at
reasonable hours, as often as practicable, all of the factories, mercantile
establishments, mills, workshops, public eating places, and commercial
institutions in the State.); Hunt, 348 N.C. at 198, 499 S.E.2d at 751
(The public duty doctrine applied when the Amusement Device Safety Act and the
rules promulgated thereunder are for the protection of the public from exposure
to such unsafe conditions and do not create a duty to a specific individual.).
Plaintiff failed to show, and the Commission failed to
enter, findings of fact or conclusions of law that he established the second
element in the special duty/special relationship exception to the public duty
doctrine.
C.
Nonreliance and Damages
Although the Commission entered finding of fact numbered 5
that plaintiff relied on Permit 99291 as a condition to his purchase of the
lot, the Commission failed to enter any finding of fact or conclusion of law
that plaintiff relied on utilizing Permit 99291. Plaintiff’s conduct and inaction shows he never relied on Permit
99291. Three years after purchasing the
lot, plaintiff changed his site plan and sought an entirely new permit. Plaintiff failed to challenge or appeal the
revocation of the original 1999 Permit 99291 and never sought to construct
improvements in reliance of that permit.
Plaintiff could have, but failed to, assert available administrative and
judicial remedies.
Under N.C. Gen. Stat. §150B-43 (2005):
[a]ny person
who is aggrieved by the final decision in a contested case, and who has
exhausted all administrative remedies made available to him by statute or
agency rule, is entitled to judicial review of the decision under this
Article, unless adequate procedure for judicial review is provided in another
statute, in which case the review shall be under such other statute. Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent any
person from invoking any judicial remedy available to him under the law to test
the validity of any administrative action not made reviewable under this
Article.
(Emphasis supplied).
The North Carolina Administrative Code
controls the issuance of septic system improvement permits. N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, 18A.1937
(2006). The Code also states that “[a]ppeals
concerning the interpretation and enforcement of the rules in this Section
shall be made in accordance with G.S. 150B and 10 NCAC 1B.” N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, 18A.1965 (2006).
Plaintiff’s failures to construct
improvements consistent with the conditions of the original permit or to
challenge the County’s revocation of the original 1999 permit shows he never
intended to rely on the original permit.
Plaintiff voluntarily changed the approved site plan three years after
the original permit 99291 was issued and did not appeal the County’s denial of
his June 2002 application for a new improvement permit. These actions show the absence of any
reliance by plaintiff on Permit 99291.
Plaintiff has also failed to show, and the Commission failed
to enter, findings of fact plaintiff suffered damages from the negligently
issued Permit 99291. Competent evidence
in the record and a finding of fact shows NCDENR provided plaintiff with an
option to install a septic system within the confines of Lot 871. Plaintiff did not exercise this option, but
decided to purchase an adjoining lot on which to install his septic
system. Plaintiff failed to show he
suffered any damages resulting from the negligently issued Permit 99291. The record shows that plaintiff failed to
prove, and the Commission failed to enter, any findings of fact to support the
third element of reliance or damages to prove the special duty/special
relationship exception to the public duty doctrine.
IV.
Conclusion
Defendant properly asserted plaintiff’s claims were barred
by the public duty doctrine. The
Commission failed to make any findings of fact or conclusion of law that
plaintiff alleged or proved a special relationship existed or a special duty
was owed by NCDENR to plaintiff.
Plaintiff, not NCDENR, carried the burden of proof on this issue. Wood, 355 N.C. at 170, 558 S.E.2d at
497.
Nothing before the Commission or this Court tends to show NCDENR extended a promise to protect plaintiff, that NCDENR failed to protect plaintiff, and that plaintiff relied and suffered damages or did anything other than to inspect for the general public’s health and benefit. I vote to reverse the Commission’s opinion and award and remand to the Commission for dismissal of plaintiff’s claim. I respectfully dissent.